7/7/2023 0 Comments Ona mona pia examplesHowever, the response to a secondary infection once antibody titers have waned below protective levels mostly relies on the presence of resting antigen-specific memory B cells that are rapidly activated upon antigen reexposure ( 13). Generally, antibodies present in the circulation and at local sites are the result of secretion from short-lived plasmablasts and/or terminally differentiated plasma cells in the bone marrow or mucosal sites ( 13). The availability of antibodies at this site could therefore determine the ability to neutralize the virus locally in case of (re-) exposure and prevent viral spread. The respiratory tract is the initial site of viral infection and replication. However, the presence and durability of antibodies during COVID-19 in the airways is still not well understood. Responses against the RBD are thus likely necessary for protection from reinfection or prevention of symptomatic disease. In contrast, antibody responses against S and, in particular, against the RBD result in virus neutralization ( 12). Responses against the internal N protein are often readily detectable, but their contribution to protection and control of disease is not clear ( 8, 10). Systemic antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and the viral surface glycoprotein spike (S) as well as against the receptor binding domain (RBD) ( 5, 6) of the S protein have been studied extensively ( 7– 11). However, the majority of SARS-CoV-2–infected individuals experience asymptomatic infection or only mild disease ( 4). Individuals of advanced age and/or those with comorbidities are overrepresented among patients who develop severe disease ( 3). SARS-CoV-2 infection that causes COVID-19 presents with a wide range of disease severity, from asymptomatic to fatal ( 1, 2). In the former COVID-19 patients, airway antibody levels were significantly elevated after the boost vaccination, highlighting the importance of prime and boost vaccinations for previously infected individuals to obtain optimal mucosal protection. In contrast, naive individuals showed low airway antibodies after vaccination. After vaccination, there was an increase in both systemic and airway antibodies, in particular IgG, often exceeding the levels found during acute disease. However, although systemic IgG levels were durable for up to 8 months, airway IgG and IgA declined significantly within 3 months. Not only systemic but also airway antibody responses correlated with the degree of COVID-19 disease severity. In addition, we evaluated how SARS-CoV-2 vaccination influenced the antibody responses in a subset of these individuals during convalescence as compared with naive individuals. Here, we longitudinally assessed both systemic and airway immune responses upon SARS-CoV-2 infection in a clinically well-characterized cohort of 147 infected individuals representing the full spectrum of COVID-19 severity, from asymptomatic infection to fatal disease. Forsell: Anna Färnert: Karin Loré: Anna Smed-Sörensen: the presence and durability of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the airways is required to provide insights into the ability of individuals to neutralize the virus locally and prevent viral spread. King: Sebastian Ols: Johan Normark: Clas Ahlm: Mattias N. Gubisch: Mert Ödemis: Farangies Ghafoor: Mona Eisele: Klara Lenart: Max Bell: Niclas Johansson: Jan Albert: Jörgen Sälde: Deleah D. Alberto Cagigi: Meng Yu: Björn Österberg: Julia Svensson: Sara Falck-Jones: Sindhu Vangeti: Eric Åhlberg: Lida Azizmohammadi: Anna Warnqvist: Ryan Falck-Jones: Pia C.
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